Zulus! Sir...Thousands of them...

The Anglo-Zulu War (1879) A Brief Synopsis

I recently played a few games with the rules for The Men who would be Kings and also had a look at Warlord's Black Powder, and also their Zulu Wars supplement. Having already built some Victorian Brits for the Sudan Campaign (another of Victoria's colonial wars); I was keen to expand my British colonial forces, and, of course they would need some opponents other than just the Mahdist Ansar...
Invested in Warlord, Perry, North Star and Empress figures.
The Anglo Zulu War (AZW) of 1879 is one of the extraordinary "little wars" of Victorian history.

Many people are aware of the battle of Rorke's Drift - made famous by the films "Zulu" (1964, Stanley Baker and Michael Caine)  and " Zulu Dawn " (1979, Peter O'Toole and Burt Lancaster) , but they are not as aware of the Battle of Isandlwana, fought earlier on the same day, 22nd January 1879.
In fact, the defense of Rorke's drift raged through the night and on into the next day, 23 January 1879.

Cetshwayo kaMpande, the Zulu King

Cetshwayo's impi dealt the British empire a bloody nose that constitutes the greatest defeat of the Brits at the hands of a native/ indigenous force ever. Rorke's drift was a bit of a face-save, if you like.

A lot has been written about Cetshwayo and Chelmsford, but in fact, neither was on the battlefield on the day. In the vernacular,  they were the commanders-in-chief, so it was "their" armies that faced off on the day. Chelmsford was the strategist of the broader attack on the Zulu kingdom. The only time they really squared up as commanders was at the Battle of Ulundi.

52 British officers and 806 non-commissioned ranks were killed at Isandlwana. Around 60 Europeans survived the battle. 471 Africans died fighting for the British. Zulu casualties have to be estimated and are set at around 2,000 dead either on the field or later from wounds. The Zulus captured 1,000 rifles with the whole of the column’s reserve ammunition supply.

The AZW war also brought an end to the Napoleonic dynasty with the death of the Louis Napoleon, the French Prince Imperial at the hands of the Zulu, and brought down the incumbent British Government. I've written a separate post on the Prince Imperial's demise.

Being of both British and Boer descent,  the history is close to my heart. In some ways it was a a pre-able to the Anglo-Boer wars, which are also of great interest to me. My ancestors also faced the might of the Zulu impi, but also that of the British empire.

My paternal grandmother was from the Eastern Cape, where many of the colonial volunteers came from. My wife's great-grandfather on her father's side, Willem Cornelis Janse van Rensburg, was the 2nd President of the ZAR (One of the Boer republics, after the Voortrekker leader Andries Hendrik Pretorius; but before the more famous Paul Kruger) Her maternal grandmother was actually disowned for marrying an Englishman, as some of her siblings died in British concentration camps in South Africa. 

My father and grandfather could speak both Xhosa and isiZulu fluently. I am only able to converse in basic Zulu, but  was once able to conduct a medical examination in isiZulu. My vocabulary, however, is fading fast after 20 years of living in New Zealand.

However, the words of Johnny Clegg's " Impi" ring in my ears as I research and write. 

Couldn't help but stream it in the background:

Impi! wo 'nans' impi iyeza

Obani bengathinta amabhubesi? (Warriors! The battle is coming! Who dares to fight the lions?) 

All along the river

Chelmsford's army lay asleep

Come to crush the children of Mageba

Come to exact the realm's price for peace

And in the morning as they saddled up to ride

Their eyes shone with the fire and the steel

The general told them of the task that lay ahead

To bring the people of the sky to heel

Mud and sweat on polished leather

Warm rain seeping to the bone

They rode through the season's wet weather

Straining for a glimpse of the foe

Hopeless battalion destined to die

Broken by the benders of kings

Vain-glorious general and Victorian pride

Would cost him and eight hundred men their lives

They came to the side of the mountain

Scouts rode out to spy the land

Even as the realm's soldiers lay resting

Mageba's forces were at hand

And by the evening the vultures were wheeling

Above the ruins where the fallen lay

An ancient song as old as the ashes

Echoed as Mageba's warriors marched away...

The Zulu war was precipitated by Sir Henry Bartle Frere in 1879 who was spoiling for a fight against the Zulu Kingdom; an independent sovereign state in Southern Africa, until then actually recognised by the British Crown.

The British army was led across the Tugela river by Lord Chelmsford and the Anglo-Zulu war resulted in one of the most bloody wars ever to take place on South African soil.

Lord Chelmsford

Chelmsford split his force into three columns. He planned to surround the Zulus and force them into battle before capturing the royal capital at Ulundi.

The right column crossed into KwaZulu near the mouth of the Tugela River to secure an abandoned missionary station at Eshowe as a base. The left column entered Zululand from the Transvaal and made for the town of Utrecht.

Finally, the centre column, led by Chelmsford himself, crossed the Buffalo River at Rorke's Drift mission station to find the Zulu army.

The Zulu King and military leader was Cetshwayo kaMpande, (son of Mpande) who ruled the Zulu Kingdom from 1872 to 1879.  He fielded an army of forty thousand to sixty thousand men. His brother, Dabulamanzi was the supreme commander of the Zulu army.

Dabulamanzi kaMpande

Frere issued an ultimatum to Cetshwayo, without the permission from the British Government, and then ordered the invasion of Zululand when Cetswayo ignored it. This invasion was led by Lieutenant General Frederick Augustus Thesiger, Baron of Chelmsford.

The British invaded Zululand in 3-pronged attack, with Rorke’s Drift being the staging point.

At least 6 battles of significance occurred: Isandlwana, Rorke’s Drift, Hlobane, Khambula, Gindlovu and Ulundi.

The Zulu warriors comparatively weakly armed, using thrusting spears (iklwa), throwing spears (umkontho); also known as assegai, warclubs and shields. Some were armed with obsolete muskets. The British soldiers were armed with Martini-Henry rifles. Colonial troops bore an assortment of weapons.

The battle for Rorke’s Drift started on the very same day as the famous Battle of Isandlwana. 

At Isandlwana the Zulu army was led by Ntshingwayo kaMahole 

(Incorrectly identified here as Cetshwayo) and Mavumengwana Kamdlela Ntuli.

The British commanders were Lieutenant colonel Anthony William Durnford and Lieutenant Colonel Henry Pulleine. The invasion column was all but completely wiped out at Isandlwana .

The Battle of Rorke’s Drift took place at the Tugela River in Natal, South Africa. The British commanders were  Lieutenant Gonvile Bromhead and Lieutenant John Chard.
Prince Dabulamanzi kaMpande, commanded the Zulu army. The Brits were victorious despite overwhelming odds. The battle is immortalised in literature, legend and on celluloid.

 

Khambula,  29th March 1879: Northern Zululand. Ntshingwayo kaMahole commanded the Zulu warriors faced by Colonel Evelyn Wood's column of the army. Despite the British forces being demoralized by their defeat at Isandlwana battle, they prevailed at Khambula. The British thought this particular battle to be their turning point in the Zulu war.

Gingindlovu:  2nd of April 1879 Eastern Zululand. (Also known as uMgungundlovu and uNgungundlovu, Place of the Elephant - uDingane, Mpande's father and Cetshwayos' grandfather's capital ) Lieutenant general Lord Chelmsford himself commanded the British and Natal colonial forces while Somopho kaZikhala was the Zulu general. Chelmsford was victorious.

Ulundi: The final major battle, 4th July 1879, the capital of Zululand. King Cetshwayo himself headed the Zulu warriors doing battle with Lord Chelmsford's British soldiers. The British fielded seventeen thousand men and the Zulu twenty-four thousand men.

Cetshwayo had greater numbers of rifles and out-dated muskets at Ulundi, and hoped this would bolster his army. These weapons were often of poor quality, ammunition in short supply, and when used by with Zulu warriors not trained to use these guns, quite ineffective. Compare that to the British forces who were professional and trained soldiers, well supplied, and supported by artillery.

On  28th August 1879, the Zulu king, Cetshwayo was captured and exiled to the Cape colony. 

Disclaimer: This article is simply a distillation and interpretation of information and images freely available on the internet, for the purposes of education and entertainment; primarily for a wargaming audience. 

I do not own any of the content other than my own interpretations. 

This post may contain opinions and distortion of historical facts, and may differ from actual historical fact. Within this context I am happy to correct, acknowledge ownership or even remove content. 

ANZAC Remembrance Day: WW100 - Gallipoli a century on

The ANZAC Dawn Service 2015 - A Century on from the Gallipoli Landings: Two Countries Remember

I attended the Wellington ANZAC Day Dawn Parade and Service at Pukeahu National War Memorial, marking a century since the ANZAC Landings at Gallipoli.

Tens of thousands of Kiwis have marked the centenary of the Gallipoli landings at Anzac Day dawn ceremonies around the country; whilst Australia did the same across the Tasman 3 hours later.

It was the first ever dawn service to be held at the newly-opened Pukeahu National War Memorial Park, which was packed beyond capacity, with 40,000 people turning up.

Press photograph (Stuff.co.nz) from the carillion tower

Nearby roads were closed to accommodate them and those determined to get a good view had been camping out on Buckle St since the early hours. My wife and I had booked a hotel room in the CBD to avoid traffic. Trains started running from Kapiti at 3 am. Jeanine and the children went ahead on Friday night. I was on call, and followed by train after 10pm when my call ended.

A 4 am start, getting Luc from Te Aro, and then off to Pukeahu. The streets were packed with people, emerging from their houses and making their way towards the memorial in a quiet, solemn migration.

Arriving at the memorial well before 5am, we could only get as close as the corner of Taranaki and buckle streets. Massive video screens were in place, as was a good PA system, so no-one missed anything. Particularly touching was the images of Wellington war casualties, from WW1 through to Afghanistan, that were shown on the screens while the crowd waited for the 5.30 start.

The start of the event was marked by a blast of the dawn gun. The parade and procession was led by Governor General Sir Jerry Mateparae who said the day was to "honour and remember all those who have served their country in all wars and, in particular, those who have lost their lives in executing that duty". The Governors-General from Australia and New Zealand both attended to mark 100 years since the combined forces landed at Gallipoli.

Australia's Governor General Sir Peter Cosgrove said the Gallipoli landings had forged a special bond between the nations.

"Australians will never forget the gallantry of the New Zealanders. Today we stand side by side, from this dawn to dusk in New Zealand, Australia, and Turkey."

Lieutenant Colonel Ron Turner (retired) read the Ode of Remembrance. The crowed responded, "we will remember them", before observing a minute's silence.

As dawn broke the national anthem of Australia, followed by that of New Zealand, could be heard across the capital.

The Vice-Regal parties then rushed to catch a flight to Canberra, to attend Dawn services there; while members of the audience came forward to place poppies on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.

Tea and ANZAC biscuits were made available in the Arras tunnel.

We opted to visit the Australian part of the memorial first, then the tomb of the Unknown Soldier. My intention was to then go up to the Dominion museum, still believing that the New Zealand room, where the Chanuk Bair ANZAC diorama is, was to open. I enquired from a guard, who said that the museum would open at 8am.

Red rock symbolising Australia, and Gum trees.

Just to double check I called up Roly's ANZAC diorama website, just to find out that the display was not opening for week, as Peter Jackson was not satisfied with some other  aspects of the experience yet.
I was glad to note Rhys Jones' invitation to have a personal tour before the official opening for those of us who had worked on the project.

I most certainly will take him up on this.

The NZ room is to open officially NEXT Saturday.

From the Tomb of the Unknown Warrior we went down into the Arras tunnel, where we were served Coffee and ANZAC biscuits.

We brushed shoulders with the Acting Prime Minister, Bill English (Minister of Finance) and the Mayor of Wellington with the French Ambassador.

This is one of the great things about New Zealand. How approachable, humble and down-to-earth people are.

Officials and politicians not afraid to have their coffee with the public, and from the same paper cups!

 

Wellington Regiment drums with battle honours inscribed on them 

(apologies for poor quality pics - poor lighting, and phone camera)

We grabbed breakfast at a nearby cafe, and then headed for Te Papa instead. 

Boy, was I impressed. The "Scale of Our War" exhibit takes you on an emotional journey that cannot leave you untouched. I was very impressed by the three dimensional visual map of the attack on Chanuk Bair, which brought the events to life for me.

(Photos again not great, taken with my phone, and no flash allowed.)

Photos cannot do the journey the exhibition takes you on justice. 

You have to experience it for yourself!

The display included the story of Lt Col William Malone, who was killed by "friendly" fire, probably from a NZ Howitzer and that of Percival Fenwick, a doctor at Gallipoli.

The latter was particularly poignant to me dued to our shared vocation. Interesting for me was that he had served in the Boer Wars, and thus been the enemy of my family's ancestors at some point.

I too had been called up to serve in the  Medical Corps in South Africa , but conscription ended the year that I finished my Internship, and I did not have to go. Most of my school classmates had already served in the armed forces, and several of my school friends paid the highest price.

I reflected on the futility of that particular war, and how useless the sacrifice of their young lives had been, and how they no longer receive the recognition of the country they died for. It probably is the subject of a different post, but I suspect that S. African war dead and veterans no longer get the recognition they deserve.

Not the case in New Zealand.

Lest we forget...

A diorama of the camp at Gallipoli. I am proud to say that the quality the painting on the figures in the ANZAC diorama is better than those in this diorama, presumably made by Weta workshop.

 The exhibition had many hands-on experiences, from firing a periscope rifle through to writing letters to the front, and trying on the headgear of the period. The lemon squeezer hat suited me best.

Original German Machine gun 

The ANZAC equivalent

The Chilling statistics:

...for you, who were our future